{"id":1091,"date":"2019-12-31T01:13:02","date_gmt":"2019-12-30T22:13:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/metallsmaster.ru\/?p=1091"},"modified":"2020-11-02T09:40:11","modified_gmt":"2020-11-02T06:40:11","slug":"cveta-pobezhalosti-metallov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/es\/cveta-pobezhalosti-metallov\/","title":{"rendered":"Templado de colores de metales, determinando la temperatura por el color de la pieza calentada"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Colores de deslustre del metal<\/strong> Es un espectro de colores que se forma en la superficie de un metal al formarse una pel\u00edcula de \u00f3xido. Estas pel\u00edculas de \u00f3xido se forman a partir del propio metal durante el calentamiento. Una condici\u00f3n clave para la formaci\u00f3n de dicha pel\u00edcula es la ausencia de exposici\u00f3n al agua.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Semejante <strong>deslustre del metal <\/strong>es un defecto en la uni\u00f3n soldada.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>Origen de los colores que deslustran los metales<\/h2>\n\n\t<!--<div class='top-banner-pages'>\t\n\n\t<\/div>--->\n\t\n<p>En la naturaleza, se pueden observar colores deslustrados en las superficies de diversos minerales, como la pirita y la calcopirita. Es l\u00f3gico concluir que estos cambios son visibles debido a la oxidaci\u00f3n de la capa superficial del material. Como resultado, se recubren con una fina pel\u00edcula de \u00f3xido que refracta la luz que incide sobre ellos. El efecto de interferencia resultante ti\u00f1e la superficie del metal de diferentes colores.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1092 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tsveta-pobezhalosti-0.webp\" alt=\"Fotograf\u00eda de colores deslustrados\" width=\"836\" height=\"627\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tsveta-pobezhalosti-0.webp 836w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tsveta-pobezhalosti-0-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tsveta-pobezhalosti-0-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tsveta-pobezhalosti-0-254x190.webp 254w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 836px) 100vw, 836px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>El brillo de los colores del recocido depende del grosor de la pel\u00edcula de \u00f3xido formada y de la longitud de onda de la luz que incide en la superficie del material. Los tonos m\u00e1s brillantes se observan en los minerales de cobre. Los colores resultantes tambi\u00e9n dependen de la composici\u00f3n del metal. Si el elemento contiene muchos iones met\u00e1licos, se ver\u00e1 azul. Si hay crom\u00f3foros, se observar\u00e1n colores rojos.<\/p>\n<p>Artificial <strong>color deslustrado del metal<\/strong> Aparece en su superficie al exponerse a altas temperaturas. La condici\u00f3n clave es la ausencia de agua o cualquier otro l\u00edquido.<\/p>\n<p>A medida que aumenta la temperatura, la pel\u00edcula de \u00f3xido resultante se contrae, lo que se explica por la difusi\u00f3n (el proceso de &quot;mezcla&quot; o penetraci\u00f3n de part\u00edculas de un elemento qu\u00edmico en otro material). Espec\u00edficamente, en el caso de una pel\u00edcula de \u00f3xido met\u00e1lico, se observa la interacci\u00f3n entre los \u00e1tomos de ox\u00edgeno y el metal.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Vale la pena se\u00f1alar que en los aceros aleados, el color del revenido aparecer\u00e1 a temperaturas m\u00e1s altas que en el acero al carbono.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>\n<!---<div class='top-banner-pages'>\n\n<\/div>-->\n\n\t<\/h3>\n<h3>Fabricaci\u00f3n de flores artificiales deslustradas<\/h3>\n<p>El pavonado es una t\u00e9cnica ampliamente utilizada en la metalurgia. El recubrimiento de aleaciones con pel\u00edculas de \u00f3xido se conoce y se utiliza desde hace miles de a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n<p>El metal pavonado es resistente a la oxidaci\u00f3n, m\u00e1s duradero bajo estr\u00e9s mec\u00e1nico y tiene un hermoso color incluso sin recubrimientos ni pinturas adicionales.<\/p>\n<p>El pavonado se realiza de la siguiente manera:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La pieza de trabajo se sumerge o se limpia con aceite mineral;<\/li>\n<li>Calentar una l\u00e1mina de metal a la temperatura adecuada (puede variar para distintos metales y aleaciones);<\/li>\n<li>Posteriormente se puede realizar un temple en aceite fr\u00edo (para evitar el \u201crevenido del metal\u201d).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p>La capa de \u00f3xido resultante en la superficie de un producto met\u00e1lico es completamente resistente al agua y tambi\u00e9n tiene una alta resistencia al estr\u00e9s mec\u00e1nico.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Tablas 1.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1093 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-1.webp\" alt=\"tabla de colores de deslustre\" width=\"800\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-1.webp 800w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-1-300x128.webp 300w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-1-768x326.webp 768w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-1-254x108.webp 254w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Las pel\u00edculas de \u00f3xido se forman a diferentes ritmos y est\u00e1n influenciadas por los siguientes factores:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Endurecimiento de la pieza (la presencia de endurecimiento acelera la aparici\u00f3n del revenido);<\/li>\n<li>La presencia de contaminantes (cuando se calientan, los contaminantes se carbonizan y complican la formaci\u00f3n de una capa uniforme de pel\u00edcula de \u00f3xido);<\/li>\n<li>Rugosidad. Una pieza con superficies irregulares desarrolla una pel\u00edcula densa, y los hermosos colores iridiscentes resultantes pueden ser invisibles. Una pieza pulida, por otro lado, forma r\u00e1pidamente una capa fina y uniforme de \u00f3xido sobre las superficies.<\/li>\n<li>Tecnolog\u00edas de calentamiento. Seg\u00fan el equipo utilizado para calentar las piezas, las pel\u00edculas de \u00f3xido se forman a diferentes velocidades y espesores. Es recomendable utilizar equipos que permitan un control y mantenimiento estables de la temperatura.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Las pel\u00edculas delgadas de \u00f3xido absorben la luz con longitudes de onda m\u00e1s cortas, pero reflejan la de longitudes de onda m\u00e1s largas. El color de las piezas met\u00e1licas var\u00eda seg\u00fan la temperatura y la densidad de la pel\u00edcula de \u00f3xido. Cuanto m\u00e1s gruesa sea la pel\u00edcula de \u00f3xido, m\u00e1s claro ser\u00e1 el color. Los colores azul o violeta se obtienen cuando se reflejan las longitudes de onda m\u00e1s largas del espectro. Si la pel\u00edcula de \u00f3xido refleja longitudes de onda m\u00e1s cortas, la superficie del metal se vuelve amarilla. Los colores claros corresponden a temperaturas de calentamiento m\u00e1s altas, mientras que los m\u00e1s claros a temperaturas m\u00e1s bajas. Por esta raz\u00f3n, muchos artesanos suelen utilizar colores de recocido para determinar el grado de endurecimiento de las piezas, las virutas de acero y las herramientas de corte utilizadas durante el torneado.<\/p>\n\n\t<!--<div class='top-banner-pages'>\t\n\n\t<\/div>--->\n\t\n<p>A pesar de estos factores, es imposible determinar con precisi\u00f3n la temperatura del metal utilizando colores de templado, porque los siguientes factores influyen en el valor de este indicador:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>tiempo de calentamiento: per\u00edodo de tiempo durante el cual una pieza met\u00e1lica se calienta hasta la temperatura ambiente en ausencia de transferencia de calor.<\/li>\n<li>la presencia de diversas impurezas en el metal;<\/li>\n<li>Caracter\u00edsticas de iluminaci\u00f3n en la sala donde se realiz\u00f3 la soldadura o el temple de las piezas de trabajo;<\/li>\n<li>velocidad de calentamiento: el cambio en la temperatura de un producto por unidad de tiempo durante su calentamiento.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Entre los dispositivos modernos, los pir\u00f3metros proporcionan un control de temperatura bastante preciso. Funcionan analizando rayos l\u00e1ser. Estos dispositivos est\u00e1n equipados con sensores especiales que analizan los rayos l\u00e1ser reflejados y muestran la temperatura del metal, que corresponde a las caracter\u00edsticas de la radiaci\u00f3n medida.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1094 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-2.webp\" alt=\"Determinaci\u00f3n de la temperatura por el color del deslustre\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-2.webp 800w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-2-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-2-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-2-768x768.webp 768w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-2-190x190.webp 190w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Las tecnolog\u00edas de deslustrado se utilizan ampliamente en la producci\u00f3n de herramientas y equipos. Esta t\u00e9cnica es especialmente com\u00fan al trabajar con cobre, hierro, aluminio y lat\u00f3n.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>El endurecimiento mejora los siguientes par\u00e1metros de la superficie del metal:<\/p>\n<h4>El color del metal deslustrado y su temperatura o la temperatura de los colores deslustrados del metal.<\/h4>\n<p>Como ya se desprende del material descrito anteriormente, la temperatura y el color del metal cambian a medida que se calienta la pieza. Es importante tener en cuenta que <strong>temperatura de revenido del metal <\/strong>El color del deslustre var\u00eda seg\u00fan la aleaci\u00f3n y el tipo de metal. Por lo tanto, existen numerosas tablas y listas de relaciones color-temperatura. A continuaci\u00f3n, se presentan tablas de colores de deslustre para diversas aleaciones.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1095 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-3.webp\" alt=\"Tabla de temperatura y color de revenido\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-3.webp 800w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-3-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-3-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cveta-pobezhalosti-3-254x190.webp 254w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Escala de colores de templado de acero<\/h3>\n<p>Para los aceros al carbono, se puede dar la siguiente relaci\u00f3n entre colores y temperaturas correspondientes:<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">Temperatura de color del temple para aceros al carbono<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"346\"><strong>Color<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"261\"><strong>L\u00edmites de temperatura, \u00b0C<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C\u00edtrico<\/td>\n<td width=\"261\">220 \u2013 229<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Amarillo (color paja)<\/td>\n<td width=\"261\">230 \u2013 245<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oro<\/td>\n<td width=\"261\">246 \u2013 255<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Terroso o marr\u00f3n<\/td>\n<td width=\"261\">256 \u2013 264<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Escarlata o rojo anaranjado<\/td>\n<td width=\"261\">265 - 274<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>P\u00farpura<\/td>\n<td width=\"261\">275 \u2013 279<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Amatista<\/td>\n<td width=\"261\">280 \u2013 289<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Celestial<\/td>\n<td width=\"261\">290 \u2013 294<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gorjeo<\/td>\n<td width=\"261\">295 \u2013 299<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Crayola \u00edndigo<\/td>\n<td width=\"261\">300 \u2013 309<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Azul claro<\/td>\n<td width=\"261\">310 \u2013 329<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aguamarina<\/td>\n<td width=\"261\">320\u2013339<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>En las piezas brutas de acero inoxidable 12Kh18N10T, que contienen cromo 18%, n\u00edquel 10% y titanio 1% (seg\u00fan GOST 5632-2014), los colores de recocido var\u00edan ligeramente seg\u00fan la temperatura. La principal diferencia radica en la temperatura. Esto se debe a la resistencia a la corrosi\u00f3n y al calor. Por lo tanto, durante el calentamiento y el enfriamiento, las part\u00edculas de aleaci\u00f3n y el ox\u00edgeno interact\u00faan m\u00e1s lentamente, lo que ralentiza la formaci\u00f3n de una pel\u00edcula de \u00f3xido.<\/p>\n<p>La siguiente tabla de colores de deslustre de metales muestra las caracter\u00edsticas del cambio de color en productos de acero inoxidable:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">Temperaturas de temperamento para aceros inoxidables<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Color<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">L\u00edmites de temperatura, \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">paja clara<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">300 \u2013 399<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Dorado<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">400 \u2013 499<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Terroso o marr\u00f3n<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">500 \u2013 599<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Rojo o morado<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">600 \u2013 699<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Azul o negro<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">700 \u2013 779<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Pueden aparecer vetas arco\u00edris en las superficies de las piezas de acero inoxidable. Estas vetas pueden aparecer cuando el producto se calienta hasta el punto de ebullici\u00f3n (100 \u00b0C). Estas vetas arco\u00edris se deben a cambios en la red cristalina del metal.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>La coloraci\u00f3n del arco iris en la superficie de la pieza de trabajo no indica sobrecalentamiento del acero inoxidable.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1097 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tsveta-pobezhalosti-99.webp\" alt=\"Templado de colores y temperatura del metal\" width=\"561\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tsveta-pobezhalosti-99.webp 561w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tsveta-pobezhalosti-99-300x194.webp 300w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tsveta-pobezhalosti-99-254x164.webp 254w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 561px) 100vw, 561px\" \/><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Los colores que deslustran los metales son un espectro de colores que se forman en la superficie de un metal cuando\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1092,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1091","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-metody-obrabotki"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430. 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