{"id":1082,"date":"2019-12-18T09:11:04","date_gmt":"2019-12-18T06:11:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/metallsmaster.ru\/?p=1082"},"modified":"2020-11-02T09:42:24","modified_gmt":"2020-11-02T06:42:24","slug":"starenie-metalla","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/fr\/vieillissement-du-metal\/","title":{"rendered":"Vieillissement du m\u00e9tal, types, artificiel, naturel, comment cela se produit et de quoi cela d\u00e9pend"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Vieillissement des m\u00e9taux <\/strong>un processus assez lent qui entra\u00eene des changements m\u00e9caniques et des alt\u00e9rations des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s physiques et chimiques.<\/p>\n<p>Sur <strong>vieillissement des m\u00e9taux <\/strong>est influenc\u00e9 par un certain nombre de facteurs, notamment :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>mouvement thermique des atomes et des mol\u00e9cules;<\/li>\n<li>impacts m\u00e9caniques (charges diverses en flexion\/compression\/d\u00e9chirure, etc.) ;<\/li>\n<li>rayonnement lumineux (en particulier rayonnement invisible pour l\u2019homme) ;<\/li>\n<li>champ magn\u00e9tique (aimantation\/d\u00e9magn\u00e9tisation), etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t<!--<div class='top-banner-pages'>\t\n\n\t<\/div>--->\n\t\n<p>Le vieillissement des m\u00e9taux repose essentiellement sur l&#039;atteinte d&#039;un \u00e9tat d&#039;\u00e9quilibre, durant lequel les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s du m\u00e9tal s&#039;\u00e9cartent de la norme. Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, le mat\u00e9riau peut devenir plus mou, cassant, moins \u00e9lastique, etc.<\/p>\n<h2>Types de vieillissement des m\u00e9taux<\/h2>\n<blockquote><p>Une distinction est faite entre le vieillissement naturel et le vieillissement artificiel.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Le vieillissement artificiel du m\u00e9tal consiste \u00e0 obtenir rapidement la composition et les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s souhait\u00e9es. Il est obtenu par traitement thermique et d\u00e9formation plastique. Par exemple, pour la production de duralumin, ce m\u00e9tal est vieilli artificiellement pendant plusieurs heures.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1086 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/starenie-metalla-foto.webp\" alt=\"photo du vieillissement du m\u00e9tal\" width=\"400\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/starenie-metalla-foto.webp 400w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/starenie-metalla-foto-300x194.webp 300w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/starenie-metalla-foto-254x164.webp 254w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Le vieillissement naturel se produit naturellement et ne n\u00e9cessite aucune condition suppl\u00e9mentaire. Cependant, le processus est plus intense, avec des dur\u00e9es plus longues et des temp\u00e9ratures approchant les 20 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n<h3>\n<!---<div class='top-banner-pages'>\n\n<\/div>-->\n\n\t<\/h3>\n<h3>Application des proc\u00e9d\u00e9s de vieillissement en m\u00e9tallurgie et travail des m\u00e9taux<\/h3>\n<p>Le vieillissement, traitement compl\u00e9mentaire, est utilis\u00e9 en derni\u00e8re \u00e9tape. Il est appliqu\u00e9 \u00e0 certains m\u00e9taux et alliages dans lesquels une solution solide sursatur\u00e9e peut pr\u00e9cipiter les composants exc\u00e9dentaires et se d\u00e9composer spontan\u00e9ment au fil du temps. Cette m\u00e9thode est particuli\u00e8rement utile pour la pr\u00e9paration des mat\u00e9riaux destin\u00e9s \u00e0 la production de composants et de pi\u00e8ces individuels, pour lesquels le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 d\u00e9crit ci-dessus est crucial.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Apr\u00e8s vieillissement, la duret\u00e9 et la r\u00e9sistance du m\u00e9tal augmentent, mais sa viscosit\u00e9 et sa ductilit\u00e9 diminuent. Il est toutefois important de noter que ces valeurs se maintiennent tout au long de la dur\u00e9e de vie du mat\u00e9riau.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Le vieillissement de l&#039;acier vise \u00e0 modifier sa structure interne et est appliqu\u00e9 apr\u00e8s la trempe. La solution de ferrite solide ainsi obtenue, satur\u00e9e d&#039;azote et de carbone, se d\u00e9compose sous l&#039;effet de la chaleur. Selon le volume d&#039;inclusions de carbone dans le mat\u00e9riau vieillissant, la structure interne prend les formes suivantes\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>cubique;<\/li>\n<li>sph\u00e9rique;<\/li>\n<li>en forme de disque (sous forme de plaques minces) ;<\/li>\n<li>en forme d&#039;aiguille.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t<!--<div class='top-banner-pages'>\t\n\n\t<\/div>--->\n\t\n<p>Le traitement thermique (vieillissement artificiel du m\u00e9tal) est appliqu\u00e9 aux alliages dans lesquels la solubilit\u00e9 d&#039;un \u00e9l\u00e9ment \u00e0 l&#039;\u00e9tat solide est consid\u00e9rablement r\u00e9duite. Cette propri\u00e9t\u00e9 s&#039;accentue \u00e0 mesure que la temp\u00e9rature diminue.<\/p>\n<p>Dans les aciers \u00e0 faible teneur en carbone, inf\u00e9rieure ou \u00e9gale \u00e0 0,05%, le vieillissement artificiel provoque la d\u00e9composition de la solution alpha solide sursatur\u00e9e. Il en r\u00e9sulte une pr\u00e9cipitation des phases exc\u00e9dentaires. Apr\u00e8s ce traitement, la ductilit\u00e9 diminue, mais la duret\u00e9 et la r\u00e9sistance augmentent significativement. Ce sont pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment ces qualit\u00e9s qui sont souvent requises pour le produit m\u00e9tallurgique final.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1083 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/starenie-metalla-\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u041e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430.webp\" alt=\"Le mod\u00e8le d&#039;Orowan\" width=\"290\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/starenie-metalla-\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u041e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430.webp 290w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/starenie-metalla-\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u041e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430-243x190.webp 243w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Le mod\u00e8le d&#039;Orowan<\/em><\/p>\n<p>La figure pr\u00e9sente le mod\u00e8le d&#039;Orowan, qui illustre clairement le mouvement des dislocations. L&#039;effet maximal peut \u00eatre obtenu par vieillissement naturel. Cependant, cela n\u00e9cessite un temps consid\u00e9rable, ce qui n&#039;est ni rentable ni pratique pour une production continue en grande quantit\u00e9 (ce n&#039;est pas comme la d\u00e9cantation du vin ou du cognac en f\u00fbts). Il existe donc des m\u00e9thodes artificielles pour acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer ces processus naturels (dommage qu&#039;il ne soit pas possible de faire de m\u00eame avec le whisky). Il convient toutefois de noter que le vieillissement artificiel r\u00e9duit consid\u00e9rablement les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de r\u00e9sistance du mat\u00e9riau.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1084 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/starenie-metalla-\u0422\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u0432-\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438-\u043e\u0442-\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.webp\" alt=\"Duret\u00e9 en fonction du temps de vieillissement\" width=\"270\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/starenie-metalla-\u0422\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u0432-\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438-\u043e\u0442-\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.webp 270w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/starenie-metalla-\u0422\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u0432-\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438-\u043e\u0442-\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f-174x190.webp 174w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Duret\u00e9 en fonction du temps de vieillissement<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Le graphique pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 illustre clairement le probl\u00e8me d\u00e9crit ci-dessus : r\u00e9duire le temps de vieillissement du m\u00e9tal n\u2019augmente pas ses caract\u00e9ristiques de r\u00e9sistance.<\/p>\n<p>Le processus de vieillissement d\u00e9pend en grande partie du carbone et de l&#039;azote. Ceci est particuli\u00e8rement visible dans les aciers bas carbone. L&#039;azote se dissout moins facilement dans le fer alpha lorsque la temp\u00e9rature baisse. Par exemple, \u00e0 590 \u00b0C, la teneur en azote dissous est de 0,11 TP3T, mais \u00e0 20 \u00b0C, elle chute \u00e0 0,0041 TP3T. Lors du vieillissement, la solution alpha lib\u00e8re des nitrures. Par cons\u00e9quent, l&#039;effet de l&#039;azote est moins prononc\u00e9 que celui du carbone sous influence thermique.<\/p>\n\n<!---<div class='top-banner-pages'>\n\n<\/div>-->\n\n\t\n<p>\u00c0 mesure que la teneur en carbone de l&#039;acier augmente, les modifications structurelles induites par le traitement thermique s&#039;accentuent. La quantit\u00e9 maximale de carbone dissoute dans le fer alpha est de 0,02 \u00e0 0,041 TP3T. Avec cette teneur, un produit tremp\u00e9 soumis \u00e0 un vieillissement naturel pr\u00e9sente une duret\u00e9 une fois et demie sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle obtenue apr\u00e8s recuit.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Le vieillissement est la principale m\u00e9thode d&#039;augmentation de la r\u00e9sistance des alliages r\u00e9fractaires (alliages \u00e0 haute teneur en nickel). Ce groupe comprend \u00e9galement les alliages \u00e0 base d&#039;aluminium, de cuivre et de magn\u00e9sium. De plus, la structure alt\u00e9r\u00e9e de ces m\u00e9taux et alliages conf\u00e8re une coercivit\u00e9.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>L&#039;aluminium et les alliages aluminium-cuivre se d\u00e9gradent \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes temp\u00e9ratures (sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 100 \u00b0C) en raison des diff\u00e9rences de temp\u00e9rature de d\u00e9composition structurale des diff\u00e9rents m\u00e9taux. On distingue ainsi la d\u00e9composition structurale \u00e0 basse et \u00e0 haute temp\u00e9rature.<\/p>\n<p>La d\u00e9composition d&#039;une solution solide se produit de deux mani\u00e8res. Dans le premier cas, la formation et la croissance des particules de phase se produisent dans tout le volume. Dans le second cas, la d\u00e9composition est discontinue (cellulaire). Au cours de ce processus, les cellules se d\u00e9veloppent en colonies. Les colonies ont une structure cellulaire et leur croissance se fait \u00e0 partir du joint de grain et se d\u00e9place vers l&#039;int\u00e9rieur, diminuant de taille.<\/p>\n<h3>Vieillissement m\u00e9canique et thermique<\/h3>\n<p>Il existe deux types de vieillissement des m\u00e9taux\u00a0: thermique et m\u00e9canique. Examinons chacun d&#039;eux plus en d\u00e9tail.<\/p>\n<h3>Vieillissement thermique<\/h3>\n<p>La phase qui renforce le m\u00e9tal lors du traitement thermique se produit \u00e0 son point maximal. C&#039;est l\u00e0 que se produit la phase de solution m\u00e9tastable, dans la zone Guinier-Preston. Ce type de renforcement des m\u00e9taux et alliages est commun\u00e9ment appel\u00e9 renforcement par dispersion.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1085 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/starenie-metalla-\u0417\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438-\u043e\u0442-\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438-\u0438-\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b-\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.webp\" alt=\"D\u00e9pendance de la r\u00e9sistance au temps et \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature de vieillissement\" width=\"388\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/starenie-metalla-\u0417\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438-\u043e\u0442-\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438-\u0438-\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b-\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.webp 388w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/starenie-metalla-\u0417\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438-\u043e\u0442-\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438-\u0438-\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b-\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f-300x193.webp 300w, https:\/\/metallsmaster.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/starenie-metalla-\u0417\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438-\u043e\u0442-\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438-\u0438-\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b-\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f-254x163.webp 254w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 388px) 100vw, 388px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>D\u00e9pendance de la r\u00e9sistance au temps et \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature de vieillissement<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Avec une exposition prolong\u00e9e, le vieillissement pr\u00e9matur\u00e9 s&#039;installe, entra\u00eenant une diminution des caract\u00e9ristiques de r\u00e9sistance. Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne est influenc\u00e9 par\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>coagulation;<\/li>\n<li>remplacement partiel de particules par des particules incoh\u00e9rentes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Types de vieillissement thermique du m\u00e9tal :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Deux \u00e9tapes : trempe, puis maintien \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature de substitution, puis maintien \u00e0 une temp\u00e9rature \u00e9lev\u00e9e pour obtenir l&#039;homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 de la solution solide.<\/li>\n<li>Trempe \u2013 trempe et une \u00e9tape de maintien avec refroidissement naturel.<\/li>\n<li>Naturel - pour les alliages d&#039;aluminium.<\/li>\n<li>Artificiel \u2013 pour les alliages de m\u00e9taux non ferreux par chauffage \u00e0 une temp\u00e9rature sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle utilis\u00e9e pour la destruction naturelle.<\/li>\n<li>Stabilisation \u2013 la temp\u00e9rature de vieillissement \u00e9lev\u00e9e et la longue p\u00e9riode de maintien aident \u00e0 maintenir les dimensions et les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de la pi\u00e8ce.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Vieillissement m\u00e9canique du m\u00e9tal<\/h3>\n<p>La destruction de l&#039;acier par les forces de d\u00e9formation se produit \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures inf\u00e9rieures au processus de recristallisation. Elle est due \u00e0 la formation et au d\u00e9placement de dislocations. La d\u00e9formation plastique \u00e0 froid augmente la densit\u00e9 de dislocations, qui augmente encore avec l&#039;augmentation des charges.<\/p>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s m\u00e9caniques changeantes du m\u00e9tal provoquent le d\u00e9placement des atomes de carbone et d&#039;azote vers les dislocations situ\u00e9es dans la solution alpha. En atteignant ces dislocations, les atomes forment des nuages (atmosph\u00e8res de Cottrell). Ces agr\u00e9gats entravent le mouvement des dislocations, ce qui entra\u00eene une modification des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s. Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s inh\u00e9rentes aux pi\u00e8ces vieillies thermiquement apparaissent.<\/p>\n<p>Bien que l&#039;azote, le nickel et le cuivre influencent significativement l&#039;effet du vieillissement d\u00fb \u00e0 la d\u00e9formation, l&#039;ajout de vanadium, de titane et de niobium \u00e9limine compl\u00e8tement cet effet. Il est donc recommand\u00e9 d&#039;utiliser un acier avec une teneur en aluminium comprise entre 0,02 et 0,071 TP3T.<\/p>\n<h4>Modes recommand\u00e9s pour le vieillissement<\/h4>\n<p>Traitement thermique :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pour les aciers \u00e0 haute teneur en carbone : temp\u00e9rature d&#039;environ 130\u00b0C-150\u00b0C, temps de maintien d&#039;environ 25-30 heures ;<\/li>\n<li>pour les alliages de m\u00e9taux non ferreux : temp\u00e9rature d&#039;environ 250\u00b0C, temps de maintien d&#039;environ 1 heure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Transformation du plastique :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pour un processus naturel : temp\u00e9rature d\u2019environ 20\u00b0C ;<\/li>\n<li>pour un \u00e9coulement artificiel du proc\u00e9d\u00e9 : temp\u00e9rature d&#039;environ 250\u00b0C, temps de maintien d&#039;environ 1 heure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La temp\u00e9rature de chauffage et le temps de maintien sont s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s individuellement pour chaque nuance de m\u00e9tal et d&#039;alliage en fonction de leur composition.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le vieillissement des m\u00e9taux est un processus plut\u00f4t lent, qui entra\u00eene des changements m\u00e9caniques, des changements physiques et\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1086,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1082","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-metody-obrabotki"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0430, 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